ABSTRACT
Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of erector spinae plane block (ESPB) for transforaminal endoscopic surgery.Methods:Sixty patients of both sexed, aged 20-45 yr, with body mass index of 17.5-29.0 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status ⅠorⅡ, undergoing percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic lumbar discectomy, were divided into 2 groups ( n=30 each) by using a random number table method: ESPB group (E group) and local infiltration anesthesia group (L group). Group E received the ultrasound-guided ESPB, group L received layer-by-layer-assisted local infiltration anesthesia (including subcutaneous layer and fascia, muscular layer and superior articular process) according to the location of operation, and 0.5% ropivacaine 20 ml was used as local anesthetic in both groups.Operation time and C-arm X-ray localization time were recorded.Visual analogue scale score and Ramsay sedation score were recorded at skin incision (T 1), muscle separation (T 2), foraminoplasty (T 3), nerve root decompression (T 4) and skin suture (T 5). The effective analgesia and satisfaction with sedation were recorded.Patients were followed up postoperatively for patient satisfaction, lower extremity motor block, development of nausea and vomiting, dizziness, hematoma at puncture site, nerve damage and etc.Functional status was assessed using the Oswestry Disability Index. Results:Compared with group L, visual analogue scale scores were significantly decreased at T 2-4, Ramsay sedation scores were increased at T 3, 4, patient′s satisfaction was increased, operation time and C-arm X-ray localization time were shortened ( P<0.05), and no significant change was found in Oswestry Disability Index score or rate of satisfactory analgesia in group E ( P>0.05). No motor block, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, hematoma at puncture site and nerve damage was found in both groups. Conclusion:ESPB can provide satisfactory analgesia with a higher safety when used for trasforaminal endoscopic surgery.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the numbers, sizes and types distribution of diatoms in drowned and postmortem immersed rabbits’ lungs. Methods Sixty-two rabbits were randomly divided into drowning group (n=30), postmortem immersion group (n=30) and land death group (n=2), and the diatoms in each lung lobe were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively by microwave digestion and scanning electron microscopy. Results In the drowning group, the diatoms were detected in each lung lobe with Cyclotella and Melosira in the majority. In the postmortem immersion group, Cyclotella was in the majority. And the diatoms weren’t detected in some lung lobes in postmortem immersion. There were significant dif-ferences in the detection rates of upper lobe of left lung, middle lobe and cardiac lobe of right lung in two groups (P<0.05). Conclusion Based on the microwave digestion and scanning electron microscopy, the numbers, sizes and types distribution of diatoms in drowned and postmortem immersed rabbits ’ lungs can be analyzed and used as references for testing theory.